Inzara si ikintu kigomba kubaho byanze bikunze. Isi isanzwe ifite ubushobozi, ibikoresho, ikoranabuhanga n'ubumenyi byinshi bikenewe kugira ngo buri wese abashe kubona ibiribwa bihagije. Nyamara, mu mwaka wa 2025, abantu miliyoni 645 ku isi bari bagihanganye n’inzara, mu gihe umuntu umwe muri batatu atari afite ubushobozi bwo kwigurira indyo yuzuye kandi iboneye.

Iterambere ry’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga rishya riri guhindura mu buryo bwimbitse ubukungu n’imibereho y’abaturage. Nyamara muri iki gihe, abantu benshi ku isi ntibaragerwaho n’udushya twabafasha kweza no kubona ibiribwa bifite intungamubiri, kuzamura imibereho yabo no kongera ubudahangarwa bwabo imbere y’ibibazo. Ikibazo nyamukuru si ukubura udushya, ahubwo ni uko udushya twagaragaje ko dutanga umusaruro tutarakoreshwa ku rwego rwagutse. Birakenewe ko ibyo bisubizo bihuzwa n’imiterere y’ahantu hatandukanye, bikaboneka ku giciro gishoboka, bikaba byashorwamo imari kandi bigakoreshwa n’abahinzi ndetse n’ibigo bikora mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi n’ibiribwa ku buryo burambye.

Iki gitekerezo ni cyo shingiro ry’insanganyamatsiko y’Umunsi Mpuzamahanga w’Ibiribwa w’uyu mwaka igira iti: “Duhange udushya uyu munsi, duteganyirize ejo hazaza harangwa n’imirire myiza

Guhindura no guteza imbere urwego rw’ubuhinzi n’ibiribwa bisaba uburyo bwuzuye bushingiye ku ntego enye z’ingenzi za FAO, ari zo: umusaruro mwiza kurushaho, imirire myiza kurushaho, ibidukikije bibungabunzwe kurushaho, n’imibereho myiza kurushaho, nta n’umwe usigaye inyuma.

Serivisi z’ubujyanama mu buhinzi zitangwa hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga zishobora gufasha abahinzi kubona amakuru ku iteganyagihe, ibiciro ku masoko n’inama zihuye n’ibyo bakeneye. Ibi bibafasha gufata ibyemezo biboneye ku bijyanye no guhinga, kwita ku bihingwa no kugeza umusaruro ku isoko. Mu bworozi, uburyo bwo gukurikirana indwara z’amatungo no gutanga amakuru hakiri kare bushobora gufasha kumenya ibibazo byugarije amatungo mbere y’uko bikwirakwira, bityo abashinzwe ubuvuzi bw’amatungo n’aborozi bakagira igihe gihagije cyo gufata ingamba.

Ibyuma bipima ubuhehere n’intungamubiri mu butaka, hamwe no kuhira mu buryo bunoze, bishobora gufasha abahinzi gukoresha neza umutungo n’inyongeramusaruro. Ikoranabuhanga ry’ibyogajuru n’iry’amakuru ashingiye ku miterere y’ahantu ririmo gufasha ibihugu gukurikirana amashyamba n’impinduka mu mikoreshereze y’ubutaka.

Amakuru yizewe ku masoko hamwe n’uburyo bwo gutanga umuburo hakiri kare bishobora kandi gufasha za guverinoma gutahura ibibazo bishobora kugira ingaruka ku biciro by’ibiribwa, ku ngano y’ibihari no ku bucuruzi, bityo zigafata ingamba mu gihe gikwiye.

Mu bihe byinshi byashize, abahinzi, n’abaturage bo mu miryango itandukanye bagize uruhare rukomeye mu kubungabunga no guteza imbere amoko y’ibihingwa, gukoresha neza amazi make aboneka, kurinda ubutaka no kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima. Uburyo bw’ubuhinzi bushingiye kuri ubwo bumenyi n’imigenzereze gakondo ubu burazirikanwa kandi bugashyigikirwa binyuze muri gahunda ya FAO yo kubungabunga umurage w’ubuhinzi ufite agaciro kihariye ku isi, izwi nka Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS).

Ubwo bumenyi gakondo buracyafite uruhare rukomeye mu guhanga udushya muri iki gihe, cyane cyane iyo buhujwe n’ubumenyi bwa siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, kugira ngo bufashe abahinzi n’abandi bakora mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi guhangana n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe n’ibidukikije.

Nyamara, hari udushya twinshi twamaze kugaragaza ko dutanga umusaruro ariko tutaragera ku babukeneye, cyangwa se tukaba duhenda cyane cyangwa tudahujwe bihagije n’imiterere y’ubuhinzi bw’aho tugomba gukoreshwa. Ku bahinzi bato babarirwa muri za miliyoni, by’umwihariko abagore n’urubyiruko, imbogamizi zirimo kubura igishoro, ikoranabuhanga, ibikorwa remezo, amakuru, amasoko n’uburyo bwo gukoresha serivisi z’ikoranabuhanga zikomeje gutuma batabasha gukoresha no gukwirakwiza ubwo buryo bushya.

Gukemura iki kibazo bisaba kurushaho guhuza ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, guhanga udushya no kubishyira mu bikorwa, binyuze mu bufatanye bw’inzego zitandukanye, za guverinoma, abikorera, amashyirahamwe y’abahinzi n’abaturage. FAO na yo ikomeje guhanga uburyo bushya bw’imikorere y’inzego, harimo gukoresha urubuga rw’ikoranabuhanga rusangiwe, serivisi za Leta z’ubujyanama mu buhinzi, amakoperative n’ubundi buryo bwafasha kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kubona serivisi no kuzigeza ku bantu benshi.

Gufatanya n’abagenerwabikorwa mu gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa ibisubizo bishya bituma ibyo bisubizo bihura n’ibyo abaturage bakeneye koko. Binafasha kugira ngo bibe bishoboka mu rwego rwa tekiniki n’ubukungu, kandi byongere amahirwe yo kwakirwa, gukoreshwa mu buryo burambye no gukwirakwizwa ku rwego rwagutse.

Ishoramari mu bushakashatsi mu buhinzi rifatwa nk’imwe mu ngeri z’ishoramari zitanga inyungu nyinshi mu iterambere ry’icyaro. Icyakora, kongera ishoramari bigomba kujyana no guteza imbere ibikorwa remezo, inzego, ubumenyi n’ubufatanye bikenewe kugira ngo udushya twagaragaje ko dutanga umusaruro dushobore gukoreshwa ku rwego rwagutse.

Gukoresha uburyo bushya mu buhinzi no mu ruhererekane rw’ibiribwa ni ingenzi mu kugabanya ingaruka uru rwego rugira ku bidukikije. Urwego rw’ubuhinzi n’ibiribwa rugira uruhare rungana na kimwe cya gatatu cy’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bitera ubushyuhe bw’isi, kandi rugakoresha ibirenga 70 ku ijana by’amazi meza avanwa mu masoko kamere ku isi, nk’uko bigereranywa. Guhanga udushya ni ingenzi kandi mu gufasha abahinzi n’abandi batunganya umusaruro guhangana n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire ikabije y’ibihe.

Udushya tugomba guhuzwa n’imiterere y’aho dukoreshwa n’ibyo abaturage baho bakeneye, tugashyigikirwa na politiki ziboneye ndetse n’ishoramari rirambye. Za guverinoma zishobora gushyiraho uburyo bworohereza guhanga udushya no gushora imari mu bushakashatsi, ibikorwa remezo na serivisi z’ubujyanama mu buhinzi. Abikorera bashobora guhindura ibitekerezo bishya ibicuruzwa na serivisi biboneka ku biciro bishoboka. Abahinzi, abandi batunganya umusaruro n’abaturage na bo bashobora gutanga ubumenyi n’ubunararibonye bikenewe kugira ngo ibyo bisubizo bishyirwe mu bikorwa kandi bitange umusaruro ufatika.

Izi ngamba ni ingenzi no ku bihugu bikize kandi byateye imbere mu nganda. Amakuru yizewe n’uburyo bugezweho bwo kuyasesengura bishobora gufasha guteganya ihungabana ry’itangwa ry’ibiribwa n’ibibazo bishya bishobora kugaragara ku masoko y’ibiribwa agenda arushaho gukorana mu buryo bugoye. Guhanga udushya bishobora gukomeza uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa kuva ku musaruro kugeza ku baguzi, kongera ubushobozi bwo guhangana ku masoko no kurengera abaguzi igihe ibibazo bibaye mu gice kimwe cy’isi bigira ingaruka ku biciro no ku iboneka ry’ibiribwa ahandi.

Ariko kugira ngo udushya tugire ingaruka zifatika, tugomba guhindurwamo imishinga ishobora gushorwamo imari kandi ikemerwa n’ibigo by’imari nk’imishinga yizewe. Ibi bisaba guhuza ubumenyi bwa siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga n’itegurwa ry’imishinga rifite ireme, uburyo bw’imikorere y’ubucuruzi bushoboka, ingamba zo gusangira ibyago ndetse n’inkunga z’imari zituruka mu nzego za Leta n’iz’abikorera.

Ni muri ubu buryo ibisubizo bishya bifite icyizere cyo gutanga umusaruro bishobora kuva ku rwego rw’igerageza bikagera ku rwego rw’ubucuruzi bwagutse, bikabyara inyungu zigaragara kandi zipimika mu bukungu, mu mibereho y’abaturage no mu kubungabunga ibidukikije.

Buri musaruro w’ibihingwa ushingira ku byakozwe mbere yawo. Buri ntambwe nshya y’iterambere yubakira ku bumenyi bwari busanzweho n’ubushya bugenda buvumburwa.