{Uko u Rwanda rwagendaga rwiyubaka nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, hari byinshi byagendaga bihinduka bitewe n’uko kubivugurura byari bikenewe, kubera igihe igihugu cyabaga kigezemo, kubera kandi amateka mabi yabiranze ndetse n’izindi mpamvu zirimo n’iza politike. IGIHE yagerageje gukusanya ibintu 20 bigaragara cyane muri byinshi bimaze guhinduka mu myaka 20 hahagaritswe Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda.}

1. Ibirango by’igihugu n’inzego z’ubutegetsi

Usibye izina ry’igihugu n’umurwa mukuru, izindi nzego z’ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta zarahinduwe. Guhindura Indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu, ibendera ry’igihugu n’ikirangantego cy’igihugu byaje bikurikira ihindurwa ry’inzego z’ubutegetsi.

Perefegitura, Komini, Segiteri, Selire na Nyumbakumi byavuyeho haza Intara, Akarere, Umurenge, Akagari n’Umudugudu. Hanyuma amazina yabyo nayo aza guhinduka. Nyuma y’izi mpinduka za mbere zabaye ahagana mu 2001, mu 2006 nibwo haje n’inzi mpinduka za kabiri zo zagaragaye nk’izije kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage. Izi zo noneho zanahinduye amazina y’inzego dore ko tumwe mu duce twari twakomatanyijwe. Urugero: Icyari Komini Masango cyavuyeho, cyahujwe na Mukingi, igice cya Murama, igice cya Mushubati, Tambwe, Ntongwe na Kigoma bibyara Akarere ka Ruhango.

2. Inteko Ishinga Amategeko (yongewemo Sena)

Kuva Akanama k’igihugu k’u Rwanda (kafatwaga nk’inteko Ishinga Amategeko) kagiyeho ku itariki ya 26 Ukwakira 1960, kagendaga gahindura amazina ariko n’ubundi abakarimo bakitwa abadepite cyangwa bagakora inshingano z’abadepite. Uru rwego rwakomeje kubaho rugizwe n’abadepite gusa kugera mu 2003 ubwo u Rwanda rwatoraga itegeko nshinga rishya ryo ryagenaga ko habaho n’umutwe wa Sena, bityo kugeza ubu Inteko ishinga amategeko y’u Rwanda igizwe n’umutwe umwe w’abadepite na Sena. Muri iyi myaka 20 ishize kandi nibwo abagore babaye benshi mu nteko, dore ko ubu u Rwanda ruri ku mwanya wa mbere ku Isi mu kugira abagore benshi mu nteko (ubu bageze kuri 64%).

3. Gandarmerie yahindutse Police y’igihugu y’u Rwanda

Mu mwaka wa 1974 nibwo hatowe itegeko rishyiraho Gandarmerie y’u Rwanda, aho abayinjiyemo bwa mbere baje bavuye mu gisirikare cyo cyari gisanzweho. Uru rwego kandi rwanakoranaga n’urundi rwitwa Police Communale ahanini rwagaragaraga mu makomini cyangwa uturere tw’icyaro. Gandarmerie yakomeje kubaho na nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi kugera mu mwaka wa 2000 ubwo yakomatanywaga n’iyo Police Communale na IPJ bikabyazwa Police y’igihugu y’u Rwanda yahise ibisimbura.

4.Ubucamanza bw’u Rwanda bwarahindutse

Kuva inzego z’ubutabera zashyirwaho n’Inteko ishinga amategeko ku itariki ya 24 Ugushyingo 1962, zagenderaga ku miburanishirize yazanwe n’Ababiligi nk'igihugu cyakoronije u Rwanda. Gacaca y’Abanyarwanda yahise ishyirwa mu kabati kugeza ku itariki ya 26 Mutarama 2001 ubwo Itegeko ngenga rizishyiraho ryemezwaga, dosiye yazo yongeraga kuburwa ngo zifashishwe mu gukemura imanza z’ibyaha byakozwe muri Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994, ziza gufunga ku itariki ya 18 Kamena 2012.

Inkiko zisanzwe mu Rwanda zikora muri buriya buryo bwazanwe n’Abakoloni bwitwa mu Gifaransa Le système juridique romano-germanique. Ubu buryo bwakomeje gukoreshwa mu Rwanda nyuma ya jenoside kugeza ku itariki ya 4 Kamena 2003 ubwo inzego z’ubucamanza zahindurwaga n’Itegeko nshinga ryari rimaze kwemezwa. Zimwe mu nkiko zakuweho izindi zongerwamo, ibi byatumye ubucamanza bw’u Rwanda rwa none bwitwa: Le système juridique mixte cyangwa imvange. Izi mpinduka zatumye inkiko zimwe na zimwe zikurwaho (Urukiko rwa kanto, Urukiko ruseza imanza…) izindi zishyirwaho; hashyizweho urukiko rw'ubucuruzi rwihutisha imanza z'ubucuruzi zivuka kugira ngo umusaruro wiyongere mu gihugu. Haje kandi urwego rw’abunzi.

5. Guhindura amafaranga

Inoti n’ibiceri u Rwanda rwakoreshaga mu 1994 na mbere yaho byahinduwe inshuro zigera kuri eshatu. Mu mafaranga yahinduwe kandi harimo n’inoti y’ijana yariho uwitwa Nyiraneza ahetse Rubaduka yakuweho burundu igasimbuzwa igiceri. Ku noti y’amafaranga 500 ho hashyizweho inoti ifite indimi ebyiri: Icyongereza n’Ikinyarwanda byonyine mu gihe izindi zisigaye ziriho indimi eshatu zemewe mu itegeko nshinga u Rwanda rugenderaho ubu.

6. Indangamuntu y’ikoranabuhanga itagira amoko

Kuva u Rwanda rubonye ubwigenge kugera mu 1994 Abanyarwanda bahabwaga indangamuntu inagaragaza amoko yabo. Nyamara kuva mu mwaka w’1997 hatangiye gutangwa indangamuntu nshya zikoze nk’izari zisanzweho ariko zo zitagira amoko. Izi zakomeje gukoreshwa kugera mu mwaka wa 2007 ubwo hazaga noneho indangamuntu y’ikoranabuhanga inagikoreshwa kugeza ubu. Iyi ndangamuntu ntigaragaza uwo bashyingiranye cyangwa abana nyirayo yabyaye nk’uko iya mbere yari imeze. Ikindi kandi ni uko buri Munyarwanda yemererwaga kuyifatira aho ari hose, atiriwe ajya ku ivuko nk’uko byahozeho mbere.

7. Pulake z’imodoka zagendanaga na perefegitura, ubu ni igihugu

Mu 1994 na mbere yaho imodoka zo mu Rwanda zahabwaga pulake (Plaque/ License plate) bitewe n’aho nyirayo akomoka. Byabaga byoroshye cyane kureba kuri pulake, umuntu agahita amenya inkomoko ya nyirayo. Urugero nk’imodoka y’Umunyarwanda ukomoka i Kigali yabaga ifite pulake iriho inyuguti “AB” iy’ukomoka i Gitarama ikagira “BB” naho ukomoka mu Ruhengeri akagira “HB” n’izindi. Izi pulake kandi zanagiraga uruhare muri politike y’ivangura yari ishyigikiwe n’ubutegetsi bw’icyo gihe. Ubu pulake zihabwa imodoka muri iki gihe ni izo ku rwego rw’igihugu gusa. Mu mwaka w’1996 imodoka zambitswe pulake ziriho RR (imwe hejuru y’indi). Izi RR zavugaga Republic of Rwanda, nyamara Abanyarwanda benshi bazitiriraga Rwanda Rushya. Mu mwaka wa 2004 nibwo hashyizweho izindi pulake nshya rinagikoreshwa kugeza ubu.

8. Umusoro w’abagabo n’ibarati iri mu yakuweho

Mbere y’imyaka 20 ishize umubiri w’umuntu (umugabo gusa), inka n’igare byarasorerwaga. Nyamara ubu iyo misoro yakuweho. Umugabo yategekwaga gusora amafaranga 400 buri mwaka, akitwa ay’umusoro w’umubiri. Nyamara kandi umugabo washakaga umugore wa kabiri, yagombaga nawe kumusorera nk’ayo yisorera. Utunze igare yarisoreraga umusoro witwa ibarati. Habagaho n’umukwabu wo kugenzura abatasoze.

9. Impinduka muri gereza

Hari impinduka nyinshi zabayeho mu magereza yo mu Rwanda nyuma y’umwaka wa 1994. Abafunzwe bakiburana cyangwa bataraburana, baracyambara imyenda y’iroza yari isanzweho na mbere y’uwo mwaka, naho abakatiwe igihano n’inkiko basigaye bambara imyambaro ya oranje. Amagereza kandi yari afite amazina y’umwihariko, ariko ubu yahawe amazina ajyanye n’uterere abarizwamo (Gereza ya Kigali 1930 isigaye yitwa Gereza ya Nyarugenge…). Nyuma yo gushyiraho urwego rushinzwe amagereza (Rwanda Correctional Service) rutabagaho mbere y’umwaka wa 1994, hashyizweho gereza yihariye ku bagore (Gereza ya Kibungo: Ngoma) na gereza ifungirwamo abana gusa (Gereza ya Nyagatare), nubwo hariho ikigo ngororamuco cy’i Gitagata.

10. Igihano cy’urupfu cyakuweho

Mu mwaka wa 2007 nibwo u Rwanda wahanaguye igihano cy’urupfu mu mategeko yarwo, maze gisimbuzwa icya burundu nk’igihano cya nyuma gikomeye cyane mu bitangwa. Nubwo igihano cy’urupfu cyatanzwe bwa nyuma mu mwaka wa 2003 nticyashizwe mu bikorwa. Abantu ba nyuma bahawe icyo gihano bishwe mu mwaka wa 1998, ubwo abantu 22 bahamwaga n’ibyaha bifitanye isano na jenoside hanyuma bakicwa barashwe n’itsinda ryari rishinzwe gushyira mu bikorwa icyo gihano.

Itegeko ryo mu 2007 rikuraho igihano cy’urupfu mu Rwanda, ryaje risimbura iryo mu 1987, aho muri iri tegeko rishya harimo ko igihano cyo kwicwa cyasimbujwe gufungwa burundu y’umwihariko.

11. Ibigo bimwe byahinduye amazina ibindi bikurwaho

Ibigo bimwe na bimwe byagiye bihindura amazina ndetse ibindi bikurwaho. Bimwe muri ibi ni nk’ikitwaga isanduku y’ubwiteganyirize bw’abakozi – Caisse Sociale du Rwanda cyahindutse RSSB (Rwanda Social Security Board), naho iyari Ofisi y’imisoro n’amahoro yahindutse Rwanda Revenue Authority, Orinfor yahindutse Rwanda Broadcasting Agency, icyari kizwi nka ELECTROGAZ cyahinduye amazina menshi ariko irya nyuma iriho ubu ni EWSA ndetse n’ibindi tutarondora byose hano. Minisiteri zimwe na zimwe zahinduriwe amazina: MINITRAP yahindutse MININFRA, MINEDUC yabyawe na minisiteri ebyiri: MINEPRISEC (Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education) na MINESUPRES (Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique). Imihanda yahinduriwe amazina: Depite Kuyuku, Boulevard de l’Umuganda…

Ibigo n’inzego byakuweho burundu: Nubwo inshingano zabyo zimuriwe ahandi cyangwa zigashyirwa mu bigo n’inzego bishya, hari ibigo bimwe na bimwe byakuweho burundu. Muri byo ni nka ORTPN yari ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ubukerarugendo, ONAPO yari urwego rushinzwe ibyo kuboneza urubyaro ku bagore, STIR (Société De Transports Internationaux Au Rwanda) yari ishinzwe ubwikorezi…

12. Impinduka mu burezi

Nyama ya Jenoside haje uburyo bwinshi bushya bw’imyigire mu burezi bw’u Rwanda. Ubu burimo amasomo y’uburezi bw’ibanze bw’imyaka icyenda na 12. Amashami yo mu mashuri yisumbuye nayo yarahindutse, aho amwe n’amwe yagiye akomatanywa, ayandi agakurwamo amasomo. Indi mpinduka yigaragaje cyane kandi ni isimburwa ry’Igifaransa nk’ururimi rwigishwamo; uru rukaba rwarimukiye Icyongereza mu 2009. Uburyo bwo kubara amanota y’ikizamini cya leta bwarahindutse. Mu burezi kandi hari ibyakuweho burundu: CERAI (Centre d’Enseignement Rural et Artisanal Intégré), IGA (Ikigo Gihugura Abaturage) na Inspection d’arrondissement byavuyeho. Ingufu zashyizwe muri TVET mu kwigisha imyuga igezweho.

Kaminuza zarakomatanyijwe: Kaminuza za leta zakuweho zihurizwa hamwe mu kurema imwe rukumbi (Kaminuza y’u Rwanda). Iyi mpinduka kandi yabanzirijwe no gukuraho uburyo bwo gusobanura igitabo cyanditswe n’umunyeshuri urangiza kaminuza (défence de la mémoir) kuko ubu ahenshi basigaye bandika icyo gitabo bagahita bagitanga gusa.

13. Hadutse "Feux rouges" z’amasegonda

Mu gihe hari hasanzwe feruje (Feux rouges/traffic lights) zicana gusa zikayobora imodoka mu muhanda, ubu haje iziyobora imodoka kandi zigakoresha amaseganda yerekana igihe gisigaye ngo imodoka zigende cyangwa zihagarare.

Ikindi kandi ni uko hari ahabaga feruje, ariko ubu zikaba zarakuweho zigasimbuzwa rompuwe (Rond point/Roundabout) aho ni nko ku Gisimenti no kuri Sonatube ku Kicukiro – hombi mu mujyi wa Kigali.

14. Stade zahinduriwe ibibuga n’amazina, amakipe amwe akurwaho

Ikibuga cyo kuri stade régionale ya Kigali (i Nyamirambo), icyo ku Mumena n’icya Kicukiro byakuwemo ibyatsi kimeza bisimbizwa ikibuga kiba kiriho ibyatsi biremano (terrain synthétique cyangwa Pelouse artificielle). Impinduka z’ibibuga kandi zanajyanye n’ihindurwa ry’amazina ya stade. Stade de l’amitié (ku ishuri Sainte André i Nyamirambo) yahindutse stade Mumena, Stade Gatwaro yo ku Kibuye yakuweho yubakwamo ibitaro bya Kibuye, Stade Kamarampaka yahindutse stade ya Rusizi.

Ikipe ya Flash FC yasimbuwe n’iya Muhanga FC, iya Mukungwa FC yasimbuwe na Musanze FC, Zebre FC yahindutse Gicumbi FC.

15. Impinduka mu buhinzi n’ubworozi

Mu buhinzi haje politike nshya yiswe iyo guhuza ubutaka, aho akarere kagenerwaga imbugo abaturage bako bose bagomba guhinga. Guhuza ubutaka byaje bikurikirana n’uburyo bushya bwo gutubura imyaka. Kuu birebana no guhunika imyaka kandi, umuti witwa DDT waraciwe ngo kuko basanze hari indwara wateraga abawukoresheje, abariye imyaka yawuhinitswemo ndetse no kwangiza ibidukikije. Mu bworozi ho haciwe kuragira ku gasozi byaraciwe.

16. Umunzani w’amabuye wasimbujwe Gakwege n’iy’inshinge

Nubwo bitubahirizwa hose nk’uko amabwiriza yashyizweho abigena, ubu umunzani w’urushinge ndetse n’uwitwa Gakwege nticyemewe mu Rwanda kuko yasimbujwe ipima ibilo ikoresheje amabuye yabugenewe.

17. Imishito y’ibyuma yasimbujwe iy’uduti

Imishito y’icyuma yakoreshwaga mu kotsa inyama cyane cyane mu byocyezo by'utubari n’amahoteli, yaciwe mu Rwanda isimbuzwa iy’uduti. Iri cibwa ryaje nyuma y’aho byari bimaze kugaragara ko iyo mishito yagaragaragaho umwanda urimo n’imigese, bamwe banavuga ko byashoboraga gutera kanseri abariye inyama zazokejweho.

18. Gusezerana kw’abagiye gushyingirwa no guha agaciro abagore

Mu myaka 20 ishize, gusezerana byakorerwaga muri komini (aho bamwe banavugaga ko bagiye cyangwa bavuye gusezerana mu rukiko), ariko ubu byimuriwe mu murenge. Ikindi gishya muri uyu muhango ni uko ubu gusezerana muri rusange (abageni benshi icyarimwe) bisigaye bikorwa. Agaciro k’abagore b’ubu kandi kariyongereye mu muryango nyarwanda bitewe na politike nshya yo kubateza imbere bahabwa uburenganzira nk’abagabo. Hari bamwe batabyumvise neza biteza umwiryane mu ngo ndetse ku birebana n’abanyeshuri b’abahungu bafatirwa ku manota menshi ku rusha abakobwa biracyateza impaka.

19. Ubwisungane mu kwivuza n’isuku mu Banyarwanda

Uburyo bwo kwivuza bwarahindutse kuko haje ubwisungane ku Banyarwanda bose dore ko mbere byakorwaga n’abakorana n’amasosiyete y’ubwishingizi. Mituweli yazamuye benshi mu buryo bwo guhabwa imiti kuko kwivuza mbere byahendaga cyane, bikanatuma ba magendu baba benshi.

Nubwo imyenda yaba mibi cyangwa n’inkweto ntizigaragarire abandi neza, ubu Abanyarwanda (hafi ya bose) bamaze gucengerwa n’umuco wo kwambara inkweto cyane cyane iyo bafite aho bagiye kujya mu ruhame, kure cyangwa hiyubashye. Abanyarwanda kandi basigaye bagira isuku nubwo atari bose ndetse no ku rwego rungana.

20. Mudasobwa n’itumanaho

Imashini zimenyerewe cyane mu kwandika, bamwe banazita dondi dondi (abandi bazita Méthode bourgumestre), ariko ntizikibaho cyane kubera umwaduko wa mudasomwa n’irindi koranabuhanga rigezweho. Kugeza ubu ni hake cyane wasanga imashini zakoreshwaga kera mu kwandika (machine à écrire). Internet na telefone ngendanwa byahinduye byinshi birimo kugabanya abaganaga iposita, kwandikisha ibikorwa n’imishinga no gusaba ibyangombwa, kwishyura imisoro, ingendo n’ibindi.

21. Impinduka ku bagore babyara

Usibye kuba ubu Abanyarwandakazi basigaye basabwa kubyarira kwa muganga, banasabwa kwipimisha ubwandu bw’agakoko gatera SIDA mbere yo kubyara kandi n’abagabo babo bakipimisha. Hari aho abagore bagera kwa muganga barangije kubyara, bagacibwa amande mu rwego rwo kugira ngo kubyarira kwa muganga bihabwe ingufu.

Ikindi cyahindutse ku bagore babyera kandi ni ikiruhuko cyahabwaga umugore wabyaye yakoraga akazi ka Leta, aho cyakuwe ku mezi atatu kigashyirwa ku kwezi n’igice