Uko iterambere n’ikoranabuhanga birushaho kwiyongera, abafite ibibazo byo mu mutwe na bo barushaho kwiyongera bikaba bibi iyo bigeze ku batuye mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’Amajyambere, aho inzobere n’ibikoresho mu kwita kuri abo bantu bitaratera imbere.

IGIHE yaganiriye na Dr. Gishoma, agaruka ku buzima bwe nk’inzobere mu gukurikirana abafite ibibazo bishingiye ku buzima bwo mu mutwe, uko ibyo bibazo byifashe mu Rwanda n’uburyo bwo guhangana na byo.

IGIHE: Kuki wahisemo kujya kwiga ibijyanye n’ibibazo bishingiye ku buzima bwo mu mutwe?

Navuga ko ari impurirane; hari ibintu dukora twahisemo cyangwa byaduhisemo. Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, kimwe mu bibazo byari bihari cyari icyarebaga ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, hanyuma muri icyo gihe Leta y’u Rwanda inyuze mu cyitwaga KHI ishyiraho igice cyigishaga ibijyanye n’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe kubera ko byari bikenewe.

Mu guhitamo icyo kwiga muri kaminuza, navuga ko icyo gihe cyari icyo kubihitamo ariko na none bisubiza n’ikibazo igihugu cyari gifite muri icyo gihe, hari hakenewe kwigisha abantu mu gihe gito kuko icyo gihe abantu bigaga imyaka ibiri itatu bagahita bajya mu kazi. Navuga ko byampisemo nanjye mbihitamo.

Musobanura mute ubwitabire bw’Abanyarwanda mu kwivuza indwara zishingiye ku buzima bwo mu mutwe?

Iyo wenda urebye nko mu mibare y’abantu bazaga kwa muganga ku bijyanye na serivisi z’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe nko mu myaka ya 2010, uyu munsi byikubye nk’inshuro 10. Biterwa n’ubwo bukangurambaga bwabaye uko abantu bagenda babyumva, ariko n’ubwisungane mu kwivuza bwa Mituweli ahagana muri 2011 ni bwo byatangiye ko umuntu yatangiraga kwivuza ibijyanye na serivise zo mu mutwe akoresheje Mituweli, icyo rero na cyo cyatumye abantu ahari abaza.

Uko ubuzima ku Isi buhenda byo nta cyo byongera ku bafite ibibazo byo mu mutwe?

Ni ikibazo cyiza kuko ibibazo biriyongera. Reka dufate icyoroshye nka Covid-19; muri Covid na nyuma yayo imibare yariyongereye turabibona pe! Wenda tuvuge nk’umubare w’abantu baza kwivuza, abafite agahinda gakabije umubare wariyongeye ku buryo bugaragara ariko byagorana kugira ngo mvuge ngo icyo gihe imibare y’abantu batameze neza ni myinshi kuruta uwo twari dufite wenda mu 1997-1998.

Icyo gihe umubare w’abantu bafite ibibazo, ibyinshi byari ibijyanye n’ingaruka za Jenoside kuko umubare wari wari munini cyane ugereranyije n’uyu munsi, ariko kandi na none uyu munsi ibibazo bishya tuvuze nk’ibijyanye no gukoresha inzoga cyane n’ibiyobyabwenge tubibona uyu munsi kuruta uko twabibonaga icyo gihe.

Hari bimwe byiyongera bikagaragara hakaba n’ibindi wenda wavuga kuko nk’icyo gihe ari bwo twari dufite ibiremereye ku ngaruka za Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ariko zo uko igihe kigenda gishira hari abagenda bamererwa neza ariko hari n’ibindi bishya bivuka.

Uko kwiyongera kw’ibibazo bigaragarira mu zindi ngeso nk’ubusinzi, umuntu yavuga ko biterwa n’ibindi bibazo baba basanganwe byo mu mutwe?

Ubushakashatsi buheruka bwakozwe ku rwego rw’igihugu, bwerekanaga ko umuntu umwe mu bantu 100, babaga bakoresha inzoga ku buryo bugeze ku kigero cyo gushaka ubufasha bwo kwa muganga, hanyuma ibijyanye n’ibiyobyabwenge byari 0,3.

Ese inzoga yo si ikiyobyabwenge, muba mwabitandukanyirije iki?

Ni ryo tandukanyirizo, hari ibyemewe n’ibitemewe burundu, ariko kuba byemewe inzoga kuyinywa n’uburyo umuntu ayinywa bihita bihindura byose, iragenda igahindura imikorere y’ubwonko.

Inzoga hari abantu bayifata nk’igisubizo, bimeze nko kwivura kumva atameze neza, afite agahinda no kubabara. Izo ngaruka za Jenoside zikazagenda zikura. Izo ngaruka na zo ubwazo zikaba ikibazo, kuko ubikora aba yibwira ko nakoresha inzoga cyangwa ibiyobyabwenge biza gucecekesha ikibazo ariko bikazarangira umuntu ahora afata ikinya, umuntu ajya muri koma bikarenga na koma bikagera aho byica ubwonko.

Hari abantu bakirwa kwa muganga bameze nk’abarwaye igicuri kubera ko alcohol yagiye ikangiza imikorere y’ubwonko.

Musobanura mute ibijyanye n’ihungabana rihererekanywa hagati y’abana n’ababyeyi?

Umuntu abyoroheje yavuga ngo wenda nk’ubushakashatsi bukorerwa ku bantu bari batwite mu gihe cya Jenoside, akana kari mu nda kubera mama yirukaga afite ubwoba bamuhiga, iby’imisemburo, ubwako, umubiri wako wakira ubutumwa buvuga ngo ‘isi ni ingome’, agakura hariyanditse ko abantu bamukurikira. Habaho ihererekanywa ry’ubwo bwoba, icyiza ni uko iyo akuriye mu isi agafashwa agakurira ahantu bamukunze, abantu bamuha umutekano na byo byongera kwihangana mu mubiri we.

Gishoma agaragaza ko hari byinshi byakozwe mu bijyanye n'ubuvuzi bw'indwara zo mu mutwe

Na byo bituma umuntu ashobora kugira icyizere ko ababakomokaho uburemere bugabanuka uko habaho guhererekanya ihungabana ni nako ihererekanya ry’ukwihangana na ryo rishoboka, ubwo bigashyira uruhare runini ku bakuru rwo kubaka ahantu abana bakurira ahatekanye.

Ibyo bibazo ko bikigaragara no mu gisekuru cya kabiri cy’abavutse nyuma ya Jenoside?

Ni cyo cyiza cy’uko akenshi no mu bushashatsi bwagiye bukorwa ahandi wenda, igisekuru cya kabiri kirabigira cyane ariko icya gatatu iyo kigize amahirwe umwana agakura afite umubyeyi we, aratekana. Iyo akuriye mu ishuri akabona ubufasha akavurwa, biha amahirwe igisekuru cya gatatu ariko ntabwo byikora.

Uretse ihungabana ku bahigwaga, ese birashobokaga ko n’abicaga ababakomokaho bagira ihungabana?

Kubera ko byo bidaturutse ku bushakashatsi, byaba ari icyo mbitekerezaho kuruta uko bivuye mu bushakashatsi. Akenshi kuri iri tsinda ingaruka ntabwo zituruka gusa ku maraso cyangwa mu misemburo, ahubwo bishobora no guturuka mu byo menye narakuze.

Bashobora kuvuka wenda byarabaye se yarajyaga kwica agataha, muri icyo gihe nta ngaruka byamugizeho ariko uko akura iyo ise bavuze bati ‘aka gasozi abantu bari bagatuyeho bishwe na kanaka’, ntabwo ashobora kuba nk’aho atabyumvishe. Icyo gihe bishobora kuba bitaramugizeho ingaruka ari muto ariko uyu munsi nyuma amaze gukura bikamugiraho ingaruka, bigahindura uko yiyumva, bigahindura imisemburo ye akumva afite ipfunwe, akumva afite ubwoba, ingaruka zishobora kuba icyo gihe biri kuba cyangwa bikaba nyuma cyane cyane kuri iryo tsinda twavugaga.

Haba hari impinduka zigenda zigaragara mu buvuzi bw’indwara zo mu mutwe?

Mfashe nk’urugero rworoshye nk’ibijyanye n’agahinda gakabije gashobora no gukomoka kuri izo ngaruka za Jenoside, hari uburyo buzwi twakoreshaga mu kuyivura ariko mu myaka ishize hari ibindi bishya byagiye biza, wenda akaba ari nk’ubuvuzi ku Bitaro bya Faisal barimo gukora kuko wenda abantu bafite agahinda gakabije hari abavurwa n’uburyo busanzwe nka 70% bagakira ariko hari nka 30% byanga ntibabashe gukira umuti bakawumuha ariko ntumugirire akamaro.

Ubwo rero hari imiti mishya yatangiye kuvumburwa ubu izajya itangirwa ku Bitaro bya Faisal , ibyo mu myaka 30 ishize ntibyari bihari ariko ubu biri kuza.

Ubuhamya bw’abarokotse Jenoside bwaba butanga umusanzu ki muri uru rugendo?

Bufite uruhare runini cyane. Ubundi umuntu yatekereje ko abahakana bakagombye kugabanuka ariko buri mwaka bariyongera, rero ari ubuhamya buvuzwe ari n’ubuhamya bwanditse bwagiye bwiyongera cyane, Ikaba ari intwaro ikomeye yo guhangana n’abahakana n’abapfobya.

Ubona koko nyuma y’imyaka 30 Jenoside ibaye, Abanyarwanda baragize ubudaheranwa?

Ubushakashatsi buheruka bwakozwe ku rwego rw’igihugu muri buri karere kose, bwerekanaga ko umuntu umwe kuri batanu afite ibibazo bikimuremereye ariko nanone igice cya kabiri cyabyo kiravuga ko umuntu umwe kuri batanu afite ibibazo biremereye, bisaba ko agomba gufashwa agaherekezwa.

Abantu bane kuri batanu babasha kubaho mu buzima bagahura n’ibibazo by’ubuzima bakarwana na byo bagakomeza harimo igice kinini cy’abafite icyizere biyubatse, wenda batazanasubira inyuma.

Ubwo ni ubushakashatsi bufata igihe kingana iki?

Ni ubushakashatsi bwakorewe ku bantu 19,000, ni bwo bushakashatsi bunini bwabayeho mu Rwanda mu rwego rw’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe mu gihugu cyose.

Bwerekanye inzira tunyuze yose?

Ni yo nenge yabwo. Ni ishusho yo mu 2018, ubu rero bikaba hari ubushakashatsi buzaba umwaka utaha bikatwereka ishusho ya 2025. Izo zombi zikaba zizatuma tureba inzira twakozemo hagati n’ubwo iyo urebye mu buzima busanzwe byo kwiyubaka, uwo mubare ungana n’abantu bane kuri batanu ni umubare wo kuzirikana ari na byo bituma ibyo tubona igihugu kigeraho batiyubatse bonyine ahubwo bubaka igihugu n’igihugu kikabubaka.

Mu bijyanye n’ubuvuzi bwo mu mutwe twavuga ko hari intambwe yatewe?

Umuntu afashe urugero mu 1994-1995, nta muganga wize iby’imitekerereze, imigirire n’imyitwarire, nta mu foromo wari warihuguye muri ibyo byo kuvura ibibazo byo mu mutwe wari uhari. Uyu munsi urwego rwariyubatse [….] Navuga ko harimo itandukaniro ariko na none sinikomange ku gatuza kubera ko hakiri urugendo.

Itandukaniro rinini ni uko hari ibihugu bimwe nk’uko mu Rwanda byari bimeze muri 1994-1995 iyo wavugaga ubuzima bwo mu mutwe byabaga ari ibitaro bimwe mu gihugu cyose bya Ndera, byakira abarwayi 100, hari ibihugu byo muri Afurika bikimeze gutyo wenda bigifite ibitaro bimwe mu gihe mu Rwanda nk’uko nabivuze hakozwe byinshi kugira ngo ubuvuzi bujye mu bitaro byose.

Turacyafite urugendo kuko iyo urebye nk’ibipimo by’umubare w’abaganga bakora muri uru rwego rw’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, usanga mu Rwanda ubu dufite abaganga bane ku baturage ibihumbi 100 [….] urumva ko dukeneye gukuba inshuro nibura eshatu, enye.