Imyaka 29 irashize u Rwanda ruhawe icyerekezo gishya, mu rugendo rwagizwemo uruhare rukomeye na Guverinoma y’Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda yagiyeho tariki 19 Nyakanga 1994.
Ni Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho yamaze imyaka icyenda, yakozwemo ibikorwa bitandukanye byabaye umusingi wubakiyeho byinshi u Rwanda rugezemo muri iki gihe.
Leta y’Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda yashyizeho ibice bibiri; hari igice cya mbere kandi kirekire cyayoborwaga na Perezida Pasteri Bizimungu guhera mu 1994 kugeza mu 1999 irangira ndetse n’igice cy’inzibacyuho cyayobowe na Perezida Kagame kugeza aho Itegeko Nshinga rimaze gutorwa mu 2003 ari nabwo inzibacyuho yarangiye.
Muri icyo gice cya mbere cy’inzibacyuho hagiyeho Leta y’Ubumwe, ariko habanje kubaho igikorwa cyo gukuraho amashyaka yari yarishoye muri Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 19994 nk’ishyaka rya MRND na CDR n’utundi dushyaka duto twagendanaga na MRND, ariko muri Leta y’Inzibacyuho hari abantu babo bashoboraga kujya muri Guverinoma, ni ukuvuga abantu ubwabo bahoze muri MRND ariko batijanditse muri Jenoside.
Iyo leta y’inzibacyuho yari igizwe n’amashyaka arimo Umuryango wa RPF Inkotanyi n’amashyaka yose ataragiye mu bwicanyi, noneho n’abantu b’abahanga babaga bazwi bagiye bahamagarwa bakinjira muri leta. Iyo leta igiyeho yashyizeho Guverinoma, ishyiraho n’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko.
Hari n’ibikorwa bya gisirikare byakozwe, aho hari nk’abagera ku 1500 binjijwe mu gisirikare gishya bahoze mu ngabo zatsinzwe. Hari itsinda ry’abasirikare ryarimo ba Colonel Rusatira, ba Colonel Ndengeyinka n’abandi banze gukomeza ngo bajyane n’abahungaga bajya muri Zaïre.
Icyo gihe ingabo za RPA zarabanje zirabigisha kugira ngo bamenye uko ibintu bimeze hanyuma babinjiza mu ngabo basubirana n’imyanya yabo yose, buri muntu n’umwanya yabaga afite.
Iyo nzibacyuho aho igiriye hamwe, batangiye gukora. Icya mbere byari ukugira ngo haboneke umutekano kuko leta y’inzibacyuho yagiyeho abasirikare ba Ex FAR n’Interahamwe bari barambutse baragiye muri Zaïre hari n’abajyaga muri Tanzania n’i Burundi ariko cyane cyane bagiye muri Zaïre kuko Abafaransa babatwaye n’intwaro zabo, kugira ngo bazagaruke bafate leta. Icyo gihe abantu nka ba Bikindi bararirimbaga ngo “Rwigere urumpe”.
Mu by’Umutekano kwari ugukomeza kurwana nabo kugira ngo bagume hariya, boye gukomeza kuza kwica abantu no guhungabanya umutekano. Twagombaga gukora kugira ngo abantu batekane bature, babone ibyo kurya n’imiti, mbese bumve ko bafite amahoro na cyane cyane ko hari Interahamwe zari zikiri aho, abantu benshi bacitse ku icumu batinya kugaruka iwabo.
Twagombaga kubaha umutekano kandi n’umubiri wabo ukabona ibiwutunga, bakabona n’ibyo bambara ndetse n’imiti kuko yabaga ari ngombwa ndetse no gutangira kubona amashuri y’abana babo n’ibindi nk’ibyo.
Hashyizweho amashuri y’abana kugira ngo bige, hashyirwaho inzego z’amashuri guhera ku mashuri abanza kugera kuri kaminuza, hashyirwaho inzego z’ubuzima, ibigo nderabuzima n’amavuriro.
Ikindi cyihutirwaga cyari ukugira ngo abantu babeho kandi babeho badafite inzara, ari nabwo habayeho kwihutisha kugira ngo bahinge ibibatunga, ndetse guhera icyo gihe nk’ahantu habaga harabaye inzara mu gihe cyo kwa Habyarimana nko muri za Gikongoro, hitaweho cyane kugira ngo bahinge, bahabwa n’amafumbire kugira ngo haboneke ibyo kurya.
Habayeho no kugerageza kubaka ubukungu, kujya mu bucukuzi, kuzamura ibihingwa ngengabukungu nk’ikawa n’ibirombe ngo bicukurwe hongere haboneke amafaranga, ubucuruzi bufungurwe bajye hirya no hino ndetse no kubaka dipolomasi buhoro buhoro.
Ikindi cyitaweho ni ukugerageza guca imanza. Ubwoba bwari bwinshi ku bakoze jenoside kuko bumvaga ko hazabaho kwihorera, hari abacitse ku icumu bari bakomeretse bafite ibikomere byo ku mubiri, bari banafite ibikomere by’imbere mu mutima no mu mutwe.
Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yagombaga gutangira gukora ariko igakorera ku Itegeko Nshinga kandi ntaryo twari dufite kuko hari irya kera ryo mu 1991, hakabaho Amasezerano ya Arusha, hakabaho itangazo rya RPF n’amasezerano y’Amashyaka.
Ibyo byose Inteko yabishyize hamwe ibigira Itegeko Nshingiro, ni byo byakoraga muri icyo gihe; Inteko itangira itora amategeko ndetse amenshi yari ayo gukuraho akarengane kuko ayari ariho yabaga arimo akarengane, bagenda bayakuraho.
Hageze aho haba ibiganiro byo mu Urugwiro byabaye mu 1998/1999 aho abantu benshi barimo abaminisitirri bose n’abadepite, abacamanza bakuru, abarimu bakuru bo muri za kaminuza, ba perefe n’abandi amashyaka ya kera bahuye bagashakira hamwe icyerecyezo gishya cy’igihugu.
Twicaraga buri mpera z’icyumweru guhera ku wa Gatanu nimugoroba kugeza ku Cyumweru mbere ya saa sita, abantu bakaganira kuri ibyo bibazo n’uko twasohoka mu nzibacyuho.
Guhera mu 2000-2003 mu gihe cya Perezida Kagame, nibwo hagiyeho ibintu byinshi cyane. Icyo gice cy’inzibacyuho nubwo cyari icy’imyaka itatu, hakozwe byinshi kuko nibwo hashyizweho Icyerekezo 2020. Icyo cyerekezo cyari ukugira ubukungu bushingiye ku bumenyi, kubaka ibikorwa remezo byinshi hubakwa amashuri, higishwa siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga, guhinga kijyambere, kwita ku bidukikije, guha uburenganzira abari n’abategarugori, kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage n’ibindi byinshi.
Icyo gihe n’ibya dipolomasi byatangiye kwihuta cyane, muri iyo myaka itatu kugeza no gukora Itegeko Nshinga kuko ryizwe imyaka itatu n’igice, aho birangiriye mu 2003 ritowe, hanatorwa Perezida n’abadepite; ubwo inzibacyuho iba irarangiye.
Inzego z’ubucamanza icyo gihe zatangiye kugenda zubakwa ndetse hubatswe nyinshi cyane kuko hari hamaze kuboneka abantu benshi bize amategeko. Igihe cyo kurangiza inzibacyuho ibyo byose byari bimaze kujya ku murongo.
Muri icyo gihe cy’inzibacyuho kandi nibwo impunzi zacyuwe. Icyo gihe hacyuwe impunzi zari zahunze vuba cyane cyane izari muri Tanzania zari zaragiye mu 1994 zari zajyanye n’iriya Leta y’Abatabazi, izagiye i Burundi zirataha ndetse no muri Uganda, n’izindi zari kure zigenda zitaha buhoro buhoro, ariko cyane cyane izari muri Zaïre ni na zo zari nyinshi cyane kandi badashaka ko zigaruka.
Icyo gihe abasirikare bacu bagombye kujyayo bigizayo Interahamwe zababuzaga gutaha, noneho bose barataha. Igihugu cyacu ni cyo rukumbi cyabashije gucyura impunzi cyifashije, kitagombeye gutegereza abafasha.
Ubutabera bwatangiye gukora buhoro buhoro bashaka uburyo bwo kwigisha amategeko kuko abacamanza bari bake, higishwa ababikoraga batabifitiye ubushobozi batarabyize, bakajya bahabwa amasomo y’ikigoroba abandi bahabwa za buruse zo kwiga kugira ngo bagende babimenya ku buryo buhoro buhoro izo nzego zisanzwe z’ubutabera.
Urwego rw’Ubutabera rwakomezaga kugenda ruvugururwa uko harushagaho kuboneka abize amategeko bavuye muri kaminuza na bamwe babikoraga batarabyize nyuma bakagenda bahabwa amasomo guhera ku bacamanza n’abashinjacyaha kugera ku b’avoka. Icyo gihe ni nabwo hashyizweho urugaga rw’abavoka kuko hari hamaze kuboneka abagera ku mubare ukenewe hashyirwaho urwo rugaga rwabo.
Ikindi kinini muri icyo gihe, ni Gacaca yatangiye gukora mu gihe cya nyuma cy’inzibacyuho mu mpeza ra 2003.
Si Ubutabera gusa kuko hanatangiye kugenda havuka izindi nzego zirimo nk’urw’Umugenzuzi Mukuru w’Imari ya Leta. Umuvunyi na Sena zo zaje nyuma Itegeko Nshinga rimaze kujyaho.
Icyo rero urubyiruko rukwiriye kuvana muri aya mateka yo kwiyubaka k’u Rwanda, ni ukumenya ibyabaye ngo bamenye n’uko amacakubiri yaje n’aho yaturutse, ingaruka zayo n’uko byasenye igihugu. Ni ukubanza kubigisha bakagira ubumenyi kandi ukabaha uburenganzira ku burezi butavangura bose bakiga.
Hanyuma bigishwe ko igihugu ari icyabo, ukababwira uko kimeze, kandi ko ari cyo kizabatunga nabo bakazakiyobora mu gihe kizaza. Si ibyo byonyine hanabaho kubashyira mu nzego zabo z’urubyiruko biyumvamo, bakishakamo abayobozi, ukabigisha kuyobora.

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