Gusa iyo usubije amaso inyuma, usanga kuva mu myaka ya 1950 hari ibihe by’ingenzi abashakashatsi bagize ibyo bakora bishyira itafari ku iterambere rya AI, bigakomeza kuzirikanwa cyane kuko umusaruro wabyo wagize ibyo werekana bifatika.

Abasesenguzi batekereza ko uruhererekane rw’ubwo bushakashatsi ari rwo rwagejeje ku buryohe bwa AI abantu batangiye gusogongera, mu gihe bayitezeho ibihambaye mu myaka iri imbere.

Inyandiko ya Alan Turing mu 1950

Mu 1950, Umushakashatsi w’Umwongereza wari umuhanga mu bya mudasobwa, Alan Turing, yamuritse inyandiko yahaye umutwe ugira uti “ikoreshwa rya mudasobwa nk’imashini, n’ubwenge”.

Iyo nyandiko yabaye imwe mu nyigo zimbitse zigamije kugaragaza niba koko imashini ishobora gutekereza.

Kugaragaza amakuru nk’ayo byasabaga ko asobanura neza ngo imashini n’iki? Hanyuma akanagaragaza ngo icyakwitwa gutekereza ni iki?

Turing yagize igitekerezo cy’uko umushakashatsi umwe yakwitonda, akitegereza ikiganiro hagati y’umuntu n’imashini, hanyuma akagerageza kugaragaza neza ikinyuranyo kirimo.

Ku bwa Turing iyo uwo mushakashatsi yari bunanirwe kugaragaza neza icyo kinyuranyo, ngo imashini yari kuba itsinze ako gakino.

Nubwo ako gakino kananiwe kugaragaza niba imashini itekereza, iryo gerageza ryaje kwitirirwa Turing riracyafatwa nk’ibuye ry’ifatizo mu mibereho ya AI.

Ubushakashatsi bwo mu 1956 bwiswe “The Dartmouth Workshop”

Umushinga w’ubushakashatsi kuri AI wiswe “Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence” wo mu 1956, bamwe bawufata nk’ivuka rya AI.

Icyo gihe intiti mu bya mudasobwa zirimo John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky na Claude Shannon zakoraniye muri Dartmouth College muri Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, zihanahana ibitekerezo by’akataraboneka.

Muri iryo koraniro ryamaze hafi amezi abiri, ni ho ha mbere hakoreshejwe amagambo “artificial intelligence”, hasesengurwa uko imashini zishobora kwiga zikagira ubwenge.

Uwo mushinga benshi bemeza ko ari wo wabaye intangiriro ifatika y’ubushakashatsi kuri AI, ndetse ukaba ishingiro ry’ubwakozwe mu myaka yakurikiyeho.

Imurikwa rya porogaramu ya mbere ya AI mu 1966

Joseph Weizenbaum wari umushakashatsi muri Kaminuza ya MIT muri Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ni we wakoze porogaramu ya mbere ya AI, ihabwa izina rya ELIZA.

Ni porogaramu yakoreshwaga ikaganiriza abantu, ikabasubiza ifatiye kuri amwe mu magambo bakoresheje bayibaza.

Weizenbaum yaje gukoresha ELIZA nk’umuganga w’indwara zishingiye ku mitekerereze, benshi banyurwa n’uko yagiraga ibiganiro byumvikana neza.

Ibyo byatumye abashakashatsi benshi n’ibigo by’ikoranabuhanga bitangira gushora imari ikaze mu bushakashatsi kuri AI.

Icyiswe "AI Winter" ya mbere kuva mu 1974 kugeza mu 1980

Nyuma y’imyaka ya 1950 n’iya 1960 yari imaze kwerekana ko bishoboka kuba imashini zatekereza, hakurikiyeho ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku buryo ibyo byabyazwa umusaruro, cyane ko ari byinshi ikoranabuhanga ryari ryitezweho kandi abashakashatsi bagahamya bashize amanga ko bizashoboka.

Icyakora ibyo bitangaza byari byitezwe ntibyabaye bitewe n’uko habaye icyakwitwa nko gutenguhwa n’ikoranabuhanga ku bashakashatsi, maze ibihugu byinshi birimo u Bwongereza na Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bihagarika amafaranga byashoraga mu bushakashatsi kuri AI.

Ibyo bihe ni byo byiswe "AI winter" ya mbere, wagereranya n’inkubiri ya mbere mu bya AI.

Iyaduka rya "Expert Systems" mu 1980

Nyuma y’iyo nkubiri no gutenguhwa n’ikoranabuhanga, ubushakashatsi kuri AI bwarakomeje, ndete mu myaka ya 1980 urwego rw’abikorera rwari rwatangiye gutera imboni kuri iryo koranabuhanga.

Mu 1980, abashakashatsi bo muri Carnegie Mellon University bubatse ‘system’ ya AI bise ‘R1’, bayiha Sosiyete y’Abanyameriks yitwaga Digital Equipment Corporation, kugira ngo iyorohereze akazi mu by’ubusesenguzi.

Ni ‘system’ yari yitezweho gukorana ubushishozi ishingiye ku mabwiriza yashyizwe muri ‘database’ yayo ajyanye n’ubumenyi bwihariye, ibintu byari byarakorewe inyigo zitandukanye kuva mu muyaka ya 1960.

R1 yarokoye akavagari k’amamiliyoni y’amadolari y’iyo Sosiyete muri uwo mwaka, biba intangiro y’iyaduka rya ‘expert systems’, wagereranya na porogaramu zisesengura amakuru y’ibigo.

Mu 1986 AI zatangiye kwigwa

Muri iki gihe nibwo ikoranabuhanga rya AI ryatangiye kwigishwa gukora nk’aho rifite ubwonko ku buryo ryakwiga, aho gukomeza gukoresha amakuru ryahawe mu bubiko bwaryo gusa.

Mu mpera z’imyaka ya 1980, porogaramu za AI ntizari zigishyirwamo uburyo zizajya zikora, ahubwo zashyirwagamo uburyo butuma zibasha gushingira ku makuru zifite zikiga amabwiriza mashya.

Ibyo byatumaga zitadakomeza kuguma aho uwazikoze yazishyize gusa, zikaguka mu mikorere. Icyakora byajemo inzitizi.

Mu 1986, umuhanga mu bya mudasobwa bamwe bafata nk’uwatangije ubwo buryo bwo gutuma AI ziga, Geoffrey Hinton, yamuritse inyandiko yamenyekanishije cyane ‘backpropagation’, uburyo bushingirwaho mu kubaka AI z’uyu munsi hafi ya zose.

“AI Winter” ya kabiri ku va mu 1987 kugeza mu 1993

Nyuma y’inyigo kuri AI bari barakoze mu myaka ya 1970, Minsky na mugenzi we Roger Schank batanze umuburo ko iryo koranabuhanga ryakabirijwe cyane, kandi ibyo birishyira mu byago byo kuba ryakongera gusubizwa inyuma.

Mu nama y’Ihuriro rigamije iterambere ya AI yabaye mu 1984, ni bwo bakoresheje ijambo ‘AI winter’.

Umuburo wabo wabaye nko kubonekerwa kuko mu mpera z’imyaka ya 1980 porogaramu za AI zatangiye kugaragara nka baringa.

Ibigo byinshi byagabanyije mu buryo budasanzwe amafaranga n’umwanya byashyiraga muri AI, na sosiyete nyinshi zari zatangiye kubishyiramo ingufu zisubira ku isuka.

Mu 1997, porogaramu ya AI yatsinze kizigenza ku Isi muri Chess

Uretse uko guhora AI ishimagizwa ikongera igapyinagazwa, mu myaka ya 1990 ubushakashatsi kuri yo bwarakomeje ndetse benshi bakomeza kugaragaza ko bashishikajwe nabwo.

Ibyo byaje gufata indi ntera mu 1997 ubwo porogaramu yitwaga ‘Deep Blue’ yari yakozwe na Sosiyete y’Abanyamerika, IBM, ikifashishwa mu mukino wa Chess, yatsinze Umurusiya Garry Kasparov ufatwa nka kizigenza ku Isi yose muri uwo mukino.

Deep Blue yatsinze Kasparov mu mikino itandatu.

Byatumye abashakashatsi mu bya AI babona ko hari intambwe ikomeye imaze guterwa.

Gutsinda umuntu w’ikirangirire muri Chess bikozwe na AI, byaciye igikuba mu biangazamakuru byo hirya no hino ku Isi, benshi batangira gukurira ingofero AI.

Porogaramu ya AlexNet mu 2012

Mu 2012, ni bwo Umunya-Canada ukomoka muri Ukrain, Alex Krizhevsky yatsinze amarushanwa ya ‘ImageNet computer vision competition’ aba agamije gusuzuma uburyo bwo gushakisha ibintu no gushyira mu byiciro amashusho mu buryo bwagutse.

Yabifashijwemo na porogaramu yise AlexNet, ikoreshwa mu kuzirikana (recognize) amafoto no kuyashyira mu byiciro.

Iyo porogaramu ifatwa nk’iyatanze umusanzu ukomeye ku buryo AI zigamo bwakomeje kugenda bwongererwa ingufu kuva icyo gihe.

AI yatsinze kizigenza mu mukino wa Go mu 2016

Mu gihe AI yari yamaze kugaragaza ko ishobora gukina neza Chess, umukino w’Abashinwa witwa Go ni wo wari usigaye ufatwa nk’aho itawushobora kuko nawo uri mu mikino ikomera.

Gusa mu 2016 porogaramu yakozwe n’Ishami rya Google riba mu Bwongereza, DeepMind, yitwa AlphaGo yatsinze Umunya-Koreya Lee Sedol ufatwa nk’umwe mu bikomerezwa muri uwo mukino. Yamutsinze mu mikino itanu.

Abashakashatsi bicinye icyara, bakomeza gushimangira ko AI yakora byinshi birenze ibyo abantu bibwira, ndetse DeepMind ihera ko ikora porogaramu yiswe AlphaZero, ifite ububasha bwo kwiyigisha gukina imikino itandukanye.

Ivumburwa rya “Transformer” mu 2017

Nubwo hishimirwaga iyo ntambwe yo kuba porogaramu za AI zikina imikino ikomeye ndetse zikayitsinda, urwego rwazo rwo kwiga rwakomezaga gufatwa nk’urutaragera ahashimishije, by’umwihariko ku kumva neza indimi.

Mu 2017, abashakashatsi ba Google bamuritse uburyo bushya bwiswe "transformer," bukoreshwa kugira ngo porogaramu za AI zishobore inshingano zigoye mu byerekeranye n’indimi nko gusemura, guhimba inyandiko runaka, no guhina inyandiko ndende.

Porogaramu za AI zikoreshwa cyane uyu munsi zishingira kuri ubwo buryo.

Imurikwa rya ChatGPT mu 2022

Porogaramu ya ChatGPT iri mu zikoreshwa na benshi, yamuritswe ku wa 30 Ugushyingo 2022. Sosiyete y’Abanyamerika OpenAI ni yo yayikoze, ikaba igenda iyishyiramo n’amavugurura uko bwije n’uko bukeye.

Mu cyumweru cya mbere cyayo, ChatGPT yayobotswe n’abarenga miliyoni. Mu kwezi kumwe abayikoresha bari bamaze kurenga miliyoni 100.

Bwari ubwa mbere abantu bakoresha porogaramu ya AI ikozwe vuba kuri urwo rwego.

Sosiyete n’ibigo bitandukanye byatangiye gushaka uko bikora porogaramu zijya kumera nkayo, kugeza ubwo abayobozi b’ibigo by’ikoranabuhanga bikomeye batanze umuburo ko ubushakashatsi mu bya AI bugomba kuba buhagaze kugira ngo habanze higwe ingaruka z’iryo koranabuhanga.