Impamvu irumvikana kuko buri mwaka toni miliyari 7,3 za carbones zoherezwa mu kirere bikozwe n’ibinyabiziga bikoresha ibikomoka kuri peteroli, ibingana na 25% by’imyuka yanduye yoherezwa ikomotse ku ikoreshwa ry’ingufu.
Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku ikoreshwa ry’ingufu (International Energy Agency) ugaragaza ko mu 2023 hagurishijwe ibinyabiziga by’amashanyarazi bigera kuri miliyoni 14, bingana n’inyongera ya 35% ugereranyije na 2022.
Ikindi mu 2023 mu mihanda itandukanye yo kuri uyu mubumbe, habarwaga ko imodoka z’amashanyarazi zari zimaze kurenga miliyoni 26 zirimo izikoresha amashanyarazi 100% n’iziyafatanya na lisansi.
Ibihugu bimaze kwigaragaza kurusha ibindi mu Isi biyobowe n’u Bushinwa bumaze kugurisha izirenga miliyoni 13 zirimo miliyoni esheshatu bwagurishije mu 2023, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ibihugu byo mu Burayi nka Norvège, u Budage, u Buholandi, Koreya y’Epfo u Buyapani n’ibindi.
Mu Rwanda naho imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi ziri kwisungwa cyane mu bijyanye no kurufasha gahunda yayo yo kuba rwaragabanyije imyuka yanduye rwohereza mu kirere ku kigero cya 38%, bitarenze mu 2030.
Biteganyijwe ko mu myaka itandatu iri imbere imodoka z’amashanyarazi zizaba zihariye 20% by’imodoka zose.
Kuva uru rugendo rugitangira mu 2020 ubwo mu Rwanda hatangiraga kwinjira cyane imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, ubu habarurwa izirenga 7000 ubariyemo izikoresha amashanyarazi yonyine n’iziyakoresha hamwe na lisansi.
Mu kugaragaza ko rufite gahunda, u Rwanda kandi rwakuyeho umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (VAT) ku modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, ibyuma bisimbura ibindi, batiri zazo n’ibikoresho bikenerwa mu kuzongeramo umuriro.
Raporo y’Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro, RRA yo mu 2022/23 igaragaza ko leta yigomwe imisoro ingana na miliyari 4,6 Frw kubera izi modoka, zifatwa nk’igisubizo kitaziguye ku iyangirika ry’ikirere.
Imibare ya International Energy Agency igaragaza ko imodoka z’abagenzi mu 2023 zohereje toni miliyari eshatu z’imyuka yangiriza ikirere, ibigira ingaruka zitandukanye ku batuye Isi, Abanyarwanda badasigaye.
Mu Ugushyingo 2023, bisi za mbere zikoresha amashanyarazi ni bwo zageze mu Rwanda, ku bufatanye bw’igihugu n’ Ikigo kimenyerewe mu gutwara abagenzi hifashishijwe bisi zikoresha amashanyarazi, BasiGo.
Kuva ubwo imodoka zatangiye kuzanwa gake gake, icyakora abakora mu bijyanye no gutwara bantu mu buryo bwa rusange bakagaragaza ko hari ibigomba kubanza kunozwa kigira ngo na bo bayoboke izo modoka, bitaba ibyo bikaba wa mwana washatse kuzura Ingobyi akivuka.
Ibishyitsi bigomba gushyigurwa
Mu bigomba gushingwaho agati kugira ngo imodoka z’amashanyarazi zimakazwe na bose, harimo imikoranire ya hafi hagati y’abakora iyo mirimo n’ibigo bitera inkunga imishinga itangiriza ibidukikije.
Impamvu ni uko bisi cyangwa izindi modoka zitwara abantu ku buryo bwa rusange ari zo zikora amasaha menshi, zikagira moteri nini ndetse zikanohereza imyuka myinshi.
Impuzandengo igaragaza ko bisi imwe ikoresha lisansi ishobora kohereza garama 822 ku kilometero kimwe. Ukubye n’umunsi urabona uburyo biteje ikibazo.
Icyakora abatwara abantu bagaragaza ko nubwo bimeze uko kugeza ubu nta mikoranire iyo ari yo yose bafitanye n’ibigo bitera inkunga imishinga itangiriza ibidukikije kugira ngo izo modoka zizabashe kugurwa.
Umwe mu bayobozi b’ibigo bitwara abagenzi ku buryo bwa rusange waganiriye na IGIHE yagize ati “Ni icyuho kinini cyane. Nta mikoranire n’imwe dufite. Ibyo biri mu bidindiza ubwikorezi butangiza. Icyo nikitagerwaho rwose imbogamizi zizakomeza kugaragara.”
Impamvu y’iyo mikoranire aba bakora iyo mirimo bashingaho cyane, ijyanye n’uko bisi z’amashanyarazi zihenze cyane aho zikuba inshuro ebyiri imodoka zisanzwe.
Niba bisi isanzwe igura miliyoni 150 Frw (ni ko zikunze kugurwa) iyo bingana y’ubwoko bumwe, y’amashanyarazi igura miliyoni 300 Frw.
Ibyo biba imbogamizi cyane ku batwara abagenzi kuko bigira n’ingaruka ku giciro cy’urugendo cyakwa abaturage.
Ubusanzwe icyo giciro kigenwa ahanini hagendewe ku giciro cy’imodoka (capital expense) nyir’ugutwara abantu yatanze ku modoka ze.
Imodoka zigenderwaho ni iz’ikoresha lisansi, wagararuka k’uko igiciro cyayo ari ½ cy’iy’amashanyarazi, kabona ko ukora ubucuruzi yahomba.
Ikibazo cy’ibikorwaremezo by’imodoka z’amashanyarazi na cyo kiri mu bikomeje gukoma mu nkokora gahunda yo gutwara abagenzi hifashishijwe imodoka z’amashanyarazi.
Impamvu ni uko imodoka igerageza, mu ziriho ishobora kugenda ibilometero 300 (ku yagerageje) ishyishyizwemo umuriro inshuro imwe.
Ibi bisobanuye ko iyo modoka yava i Kigali ikerekeza i Rusizi mu gihe igaruka igera i Huye na bwo yagerageje, bikayisaba kumara amasaha yo kongeramo umuriro.
Ibyo byumvikana neza ko muri buri bice by’imihanda hagomba gushyizwa sitasiyo zishyira umurimo muri izo modoka nk’uko bimeze ku za lisansi.
Uwaduhaye amakuru ati “Ni ikibazo. Ubu uguze imodoka ni na we ugomba kwigirira iyo sitasiyo yo kuyiha ingufu. Kandi twe turi muri za bisi, iby’ibikorwaremezo ntitwagakwiriye kubijyamo. Uwo ni umushinga w’undi muntu cyangwa inzego zibishinzwe zikaba zafasha mu ishyirwaho ryayo. Tukazisanga, tugakomeza gukora akazi nta mbogamizi.”
Uguze bisi, agura charger ndetse na transformateur yabugenewe yo kugenzura uwo muriro.
Sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi ishobora gutwara umushoramari miliyoni nka 30 Frw, hatabariwemo tranformateur n’igiciro cy’umuriro, ibyumvikana ko iyo ishyizwe nk’ahantu hatanu, biba bibayemo indi modoka isanzwe.
Ikoranabuhanga ry’izi modoka na ryo ku rundi ruhande ntabwo riramenyerwa. Nk’ubushobozi bwa batiri z’izo modoka buracyari hasi, ni ukuvuga zimaramo umuriro igihe gito, byibuze hakifuzwa ko batiri yagenda nk’ibilometero 1000.
Ibyo bijyana na charger ikiri hasi kuko bisaba nk’amasaha ane ngo imodoka yuzuye. Mu gihe mu bindi bihugu bageze ku minota 30.
Ayo masaha ane ni ikintu kinini cyane, kuko mu gihe imodoka iri gushyirwamo umuriro izindi zisanzwe ziba zikora, wabihuza n’ihangana riri muri uru rwego, abarimo bakabibona nk’imbogamizi ikomeye, itabashishiskariza kugura bisi z’amashanyarazi
Wa mutangamakuru ati “Keretse ahari habayeho ubufatanye bw’abantu, nko mu muhanda wa Kigali-Rusizi, umwe akayishyira i Muhanga, undi akayishyira i Huye indi ikajya Rusizi, kandi zikaba zimwe zihuta. Bikaba no mu yindi mihanda tugendamo. Urumva ko biragoye haracyari imbogamizi nyinshi.”
Kugira ngo ubwikorezi bwa rusange bukoresha amashanyarazi bukomeze kwitabirwa, ni uko n’ababukoramo bagomba gushabuka, bakitegura izi mpinduramatwara.
Nubwo ibyo bikorwaremezo byashyirwaho, ibigo by’imari bikunganira abagura izo modoka, hazakenerwa abo kuzitwara, kuzikanika, mbese abashobora kumenya ubuzima bw’izo modoka bwa buri munsi.
Gutanga ubumenyi bizagirwamo uruhare n’abakora iyo mirimo ubwabo. Nko muri RITCO Ltd, iki kigo kugira ngo cyitegure kwinjira mu bijyanye no gukoresha bisi z’amashanyarazi byuzuye, cyabanje kuzana Abashinwa. Ubu bari gutanga amahugurwa ku bakozi bacyo.
Ni ibintu byumvikana kuko ikoranabuhanga ry’izo modoka z’amashanyarazi zose rishingiye kuri batiri ku kigero cya 70%.
Ni ukuvuga ko batiri isimbura hafi ya byose nka moteri, ‘boîte de vitesses’, mbese uruhererekane rwose rw’umuriro ni ho ruba rushingiye, yewe na feri zayo zikoreshwa na batiri.
Uwaduhaye amakuru ati “Dukeneye abahanga mu bukanishi, mu kuzitwara, n’abakora ibikoresho bisimbura ibishaje.”
Yavuze ko bibaye na ngombwa amasomo ajyanye n’izo modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi yatangira kwigishwa no mu mashuri y’imyuga, ibigo bikabona abakozi babizobereye, aba abakorera aho bibarizwa n’abajyana n’imodoka mu ngendo zikora, kuko bidakenewe ko agapfuye kose bahamagara abazikoze.
Bashingiye k’uko igiciro gikomeje kuba hejuru kandi leta ntako itagira ngo yigomwe imisoro, abakora muri iyo mirimo bagaragaza ko, hakenewe n’ikigega cyihariye.
Ni ikigega cyajya gikorana bya hafi na ba nyir’ibigo bitwara abagenzi, kigafasha mu gutanga ubumenyi busesuye ku kwimakaza ubwikorezi butangiza, kumanura ibiciro cyangwa kwishingirwa bakishyura mu byiciro.
Ati “Ibindi biroroshye ariko kuyigura biragoranye. Turamutse dufite ikigega kibishinzwe hano mu Rwanda cyihariye, kigahera kuri twe dutwara abantu ku buryo bwa rusange kuko dufite ibinyabiziga byaka umunsi wose. Mu gihe kidahari ubwo bwikorezi buragoranye.”
Nubwo bagaragaza imbogamizi ziri mu kwitabira imodoka z’amashanyarazi, iyo muganiriye bakwereka ko bafite ubushake bwo kwitabira ubwikorezi butangiza na cyane ko umuriro uhendutse kurusha lisansi, ibishobora kubungura mu gihe ibibazo birimo byakemurwa.
Mu 2023 uruhare rwikoreshwa ry’ingufu mu kohereza imyuaka yanduye mu kirere rwazamutseho 1,1%, bingana na miliyoni 410, ibyatumye imyuka yoherezwa mu kirere bigizwemo n’ingufu igera kuri toni miliyari 37,4.
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